About the Authors

Fatoumata Korika Tounkara

Contributed equally to this work with: Fatoumata Korika Tounkara, Ibrahima Téguété, Michel Alary

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada

Ibrahima Téguété

Contributed equally to this work with: Fatoumata Korika Tounkara, Ibrahima Téguété, Michel Alary

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Toure, Bamako, Mali

Fernand A. Guédou

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, Centre de Santé de Cotonou-1, Dispensaire des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (DIST), Cotonou, Benin

Ella Goma-Matsétsé

Roles Data curation

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Centre de Santé de Cotonou-1, Dispensaire des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (DIST), Cotonou, Benin

Amadou Koné

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Centre Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (UCRC), Bamako, Mali, Des Techniques et Des Technologies de Bamako, Université des Sciences, Bamako, Mali

Luc Béhanzin

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Centre de Santé de Cotonou-1, Dispensaire des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (DIST), Cotonou, Benin

Sidy Traoré

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Toure, Bamako, Mali

Marlène Aza-Gnandji

Roles Data curation, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Centre de Santé de Cotonou-1, Dispensaire des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (DIST), Cotonou, Benin

Bintou Keita

Roles Supervision

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Association de Recherche de Communication et d’Accompagnement à Domicile de personnes Vivant avec le VIH (ARCAD-SIDA), Bamako, Mali

Julie Guenoun

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

François Coutlée

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

‡ FAG, EGM, AK, LB, ST, MAG, BK, JG, and FC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

Michel Alary

Contributed equally to this work with: Fatoumata Korika Tounkara, Ibrahima Téguété, Michel Alary

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

malary@uresp.ulaval.ca

Affiliations Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada

Competing Interests

MA declares a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research used to fund the present study (grant # FDN-143218) and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Public Health Agency of Canada, not related to this work. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.