About the Authors

Francisco Posada-Florez

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Eugene V. Ryabov

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Matthew C. Heerman

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Knipling-Bushland Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, Texas, United States of America

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Yanping Chen

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Jay D. Evans

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Daniel E. Sonenshine

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America

Steven C. Cook

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

steven.cook@usda.gov

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.