About the Authors

Maxwell P. Cocco

Contributed equally to this work with: Maxwell P. Cocco, Evan White, Shujie Xiao

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Evan White

Contributed equally to this work with: Maxwell P. Cocco, Evan White, Shujie Xiao

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Shujie Xiao

Contributed equally to this work with: Maxwell P. Cocco, Evan White, Shujie Xiao

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Donglei Hu

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Angel Mak

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Patrick Sleiman

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Mao Yang

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Kevin R. Bobbitt

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Hongsheng Gui

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Albert M. Levin

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Samantha Hochstadt

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Kyle Whitehouse

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Dean Rynkowski

Roles Investigation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Andrea J. Barczak

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Lung Biology Center and UCSF CoLabs, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Gonçalo Abecasis

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America

Thomas W. Blackwell

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Hyun Min Kang

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Deborah A. Nickerson

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Northwest Genomics Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Soren Germer

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation New York Genome Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Jun Ding

Roles Formal analysis, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Human Statistical Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

David E. Lanfear

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Frank Gilliland

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

W. James Gauderman

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Rajesh Kumar

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

David J. Erle

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Lung Biology Center and UCSF CoLabs, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Fernando Martinez

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Hakon Hakonarson

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Esteban G. Burchard

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

L. Keoki Williams

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kwillia5@hfhs.org

Affiliation Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Competing Interests

Dr. Abecasis reported receiving personal fees and salary support from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. This support was outside of the submitted work and did not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies regarding the sharing of data and/or research materials. The remaining authors reported no competing interests.