About the Authors

Morgan Obura

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Joline W. J. Beulens

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

j.beulens@amsterdamumc.nl

Affiliations Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Roderick Slieker

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Anitra D. M. Koopman

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Trynke Hoekstra

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Giel Nijpels

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Petra Elders

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Robert W. Koivula

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Azra Kurbasic

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

Markku Laakso

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Tue H. Hansen

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark

Martin Ridderstråle

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Torben Hansen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Imre Pavo

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Eli Lilly Regional Operations GmbH, Vienna, Austria

Ian Forgie

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

Bernd Jablonka

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Hartmut Ruetten

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Andrea Mari

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padova, Italy

Mark I. McCarthy

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Mark Walker

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Alison Heggie

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Timothy J. McDonald

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom

Mandy H. Perry

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom

Federico De Masi

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

Søren Brunak

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Anubha Mahajan

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Giuseppe N. Giordano

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

Tarja Kokkola

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Emmanouil Dermitzakis

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland

Ana Viñuela

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland

Oluf Pedersen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Jochen M. Schwenk

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden

Jurek Adamski

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Harriet J. A. Teare

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation HeLEX, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom

Ewan R. Pearson

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

Paul W. Franks

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America

Leen M. ‘t Hart

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology Section, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Femke Rutters

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

for the IMI-DIRECT Consortium

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: IP is employed by Eli Lilly Regional Operations GmbH, Vienna, Austria and BJ and HR are employees of Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.