About the Authors

Oscar Holmström

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

oscar.holmstrom@helsinki.fi

Affiliation Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Sebastian Stenman

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Antti Suutala

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Hannu Moilanen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center of Microscopy and Nanotechnology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Hakan Kücükel

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Billy Ngasala

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Andreas Mårtensson

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Lwidiko Mhamilawa

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Berit Aydin-Schmidt

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Mikael Lundin

Roles Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Vinod Diwan

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Nina Linder

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Johan Lundin

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Competing Interests

Johan Lundin and Mikael Lundin are founders and co-owners of Aiforia Technologies Oy, Helsinki, Finland. The Nvidia Corporation donated a GPU via the Academic Grant Application Program, which was used during this study. The prototype instrument used for digitization of the samples is developed and patented (patent number: US20180246306) by the University of Helsinki (Helsinki, Finland). This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.