About the Authors

Anneli Uusküla

Contributed equally to this work with: Anneli Uusküla, Peter Vickerman, Mait Raag, Josephine Walker, Don Des Jarlais

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

anneli.uuskula@ut.ee

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Peter Vickerman

Contributed equally to this work with: Anneli Uusküla, Peter Vickerman, Mait Raag, Josephine Walker, Don Des Jarlais

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Mait Raag

Contributed equally to this work with: Anneli Uusküla, Peter Vickerman, Mait Raag, Josephine Walker, Don Des Jarlais

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Josephine Walker

Contributed equally to this work with: Anneli Uusküla, Peter Vickerman, Mait Raag, Josephine Walker, Don Des Jarlais

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Dimitrios Paraskevis

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Ksenia Eritsyan

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation National Research University Higher School of Economics, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation

Vana Sypsa

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Dmitry Lioznov

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia, First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Radko Avi

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Don Des Jarlais

Contributed equally to this work with: Anneli Uusküla, Peter Vickerman, Mait Raag, Josephine Walker, Don Des Jarlais

Roles Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.