About the Authors

Sheriza N. Baksh

Contributed equally to this work with: Sheriza N. Baksh, G. Caleb Alexander, Stephan Ehrhardt

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

sbaksh4@jhu.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Jodi B. Segal

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ JBS, MMD and RRK also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Mara McAdams-DeMarco

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ JBS, MMD and RRK also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Rita R. Kalyani

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

‡ JBS, MMD and RRK also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

G. Caleb Alexander

Contributed equally to this work with: Sheriza N. Baksh, G. Caleb Alexander, Stephan Ehrhardt

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Stephan Ehrhardt

Contributed equally to this work with: Sheriza N. Baksh, G. Caleb Alexander, Stephan Ehrhardt

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Competing Interests

Dr. Alexander is Chair of FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee, has served as a paid advisor to IQVIA, is a co-founding Principal and equity holder in Monument Analytics, a health care consultancy whose clients include the life sciences industry as well as plaintiffs in opioid litigation, and serves on OptumRx’s National P&T Committee. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.