About the Authors

Tyler S. Allison

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Joel Moritz Jr.

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, Sapien LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Philip Turk

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Leslie M. Stone-Roy

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Leslie.Stone-Roy@Colostate.edu

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Competing Interests

JM is the president of Sapien LLC, which provided materials and some funding for this study. Two patents are associated with this project: Tongue Stimulation for Communication of Information to a User, Pub. No: US 2018/0256891 AI, September 13, 2018 and Patent No. 9,669,159 June 2017. A product associated with, but not used in the current project is on the market: (https://sapienllc.com/shop/). This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.