About the Authors

Lulua Bahrainwala

Contributed equally to this work with: Lulua Bahrainwala, Astrid M. Knoblauch

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Astrid M. Knoblauch

Contributed equally to this work with: Lulua Bahrainwala, Astrid M. Knoblauch

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Andry Andriamiadanarivo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation ValBio Research Center, Ranomafana, Madagascar

Mohamed Mustafa Diab

Roles Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Jesse McKinney

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations ValBio Research Center, Ranomafana, Madagascar, Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Peter M. Small

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

James G. Kahn

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Elizabeth Fair

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Niaina Rakotosamimanana

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Simon Grandjean Lapierre

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

simon.grandjean-lapierre.chum@ssss.gouv.qc.ca

Affiliations Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambohitrakely, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Immunopathology Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.