About the Authors

Bodong Chen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United states of America

Yizhou Fan

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations X-Learning Center, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China, School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Guogang Zhang

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Distance Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

Min Liu

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation X-Learning Center, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China

Qiong Wang

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

wangqiong@pku.edu.cn

Affiliation X-Learning Center, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.