About the Authors

Zhaoya Gong

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

z.gong@bham.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Tengteng Cai

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Public Policy Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America

Jean-Claude Thill

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Public Policy Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America, School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America

Scott Hale

Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom

Mark Graham

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.