About the Authors

Yee-Ling Wong

Contributed equally to this work with: Yee-Ling Wong, Pirro Hysi, Gemmy Cheung

Roles Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, R&D Vision Sciences AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore

Pirro Hysi

Contributed equally to this work with: Yee-Ling Wong, Pirro Hysi, Gemmy Cheung

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Gemmy Cheung

Contributed equally to this work with: Yee-Ling Wong, Pirro Hysi, Gemmy Cheung

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

Milly Tedja

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Quan V. Hoang

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America

Stuart W. J. Tompson

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America

Kristina N. Whisenhunt

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America

Virginie Verhoeven

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Wanting Zhao

Roles Formal analysis, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

Moritz Hess

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Chee-Wai Wong

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Annette Kifley

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Yoshikatsu Hosoda

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Annechien E. G. Haarman

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Susanne Hopf

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Panagiotis Laspas

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Sonoko Sensaki

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

Xueling Sim

Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Masahiro Miyake

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Akitaka Tsujikawa

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Ecosse Lamoureux

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Kyoko Ohno-Matsui

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Stefan Nickels

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Paul Mitchell

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Tien-Yin Wong

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

Jie Jin Wang

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Christopher J. Hammond

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Veluchamy A. Barathi

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

Ching-Yu Cheng

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

Kenji Yamashiro

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Ophthalmology, Otsu Red-Cross Hospital, Otsu, Japan

Terri L. Young

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America

Caroline C. W. Klaver

Roles Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Seang-Mei Saw

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ephssm@nus.edu.sg

‡ These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

The Consortium of Refractive Error, Myopia (CREAM)

Complete membership of the CREAM Consortium is provided in the Supporting Information (S1 Text).

Competing Interests

YLW is an employee of Essilor International, Singapore and received funding in the form of salary. Author KOM is a consultant for Bayer, Nevakah, and Santen, and receiving support in the form of consultancy fees. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.