About the Authors

Kevin M. Moroney

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

kevin.moroney@ul.ie

Affiliations Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland, MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

Ken O’Connell

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

Paul Meikle-Janney

Roles Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dark Woods Coffee, Holme Mills, West Slaithwaite Road, Marsden, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

Stephen B. G. O’Brien

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

Gavin M. Walker

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

William T. Lee

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MACSI, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

We have the following interests: PMJ is a coffee industry consultant and director and employee at Dark Woods Coffee Ltd., United Kingdom. The authors also acknowledge support from the Dairy Processing Technology Centre (https://dptc.ie/). There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.