About the Authors

Cecilia Kållberg

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ceciliakallberg@gmail.com

Affiliations Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Christine Årdal

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Hege Salvesen Blix

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Eili Klein

Roles Data curation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Elena M. Martinez

Roles Data curation

Current address: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Affiliation Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Morten Lindbæk

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Kevin Outterson

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Law, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, CARB-X, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

John-Arne Røttingen

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Current address: The Research Council of Norway, Lysaker, Norway

Affiliations Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ramanan Laxminarayan

Roles Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have the following interests. This research was partly funded by the DRIVE-AB Consortium, which aims to transform the way policymakers stimulate innovation, sustainable use, and equitable availability of antibiotics to meet unmet public health needs. DRIVE-AB is supported by the IMI Joint Undertaking under the DRIVE-AB grant agreement number 115618, the resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contribution. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.