About the Authors

Yingying Chen

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Ying Wu

Contributed equally to this work with: Ying Wu, Baotong Zhu

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Baotong Zhu

Contributed equally to this work with: Ying Wu, Baotong Zhu

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Guanyu Zhang

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Na Wei

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

NWei@nd.edu

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.