About the Authors

Gary G. Adams

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

gary.adams@nottingham.ac.uk (GGA); richard.gillis@nottingham.ac.uk (RBG)

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom

Andrew Meal

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom

Paul S. Morgan

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom

Qushmua E. Alzahrani

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom, Taif University, Faculty of Science, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Hanne Zobel

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, Ås, Norway

Ryan Lithgo

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom

M. Samil Kok

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, Department of Food Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey

David T. M. Besong

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Functional Nanomaterials Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Shahwar I. Jiwani

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom

Simon Ballance

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, Ås, Norway

Stephen E. Harding

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom

Naomi Chayen

Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

Richard B. Gillis

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

gary.adams@nottingham.ac.uk (GGA); richard.gillis@nottingham.ac.uk (RBG)

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Affiliations between GA and the Independent Diabetes Trust, and HZ, SB and Nofima AS, do not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.