About the Authors

Yong Chen

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Weiwei Huo

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft

weiweihuo@bistu.edu.cn

Affiliation Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China

Muyi Lin

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China

Li Zhao

Roles Methodology

Affiliation Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.