About the Authors

Xiuqin Wang

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China

Nathan Congdon

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Orbis International, New York, New York, United States of America, Translational Research for Equitable Eyecare, Center for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, N. Ireland

Yue Ma

Roles Investigation

Affiliation The Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Min Hu

Roles Investigation

Affiliation The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Yuan Zhou

Roles Investigation

Affiliation The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Weiqi Liao

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Ling Jin

Roles Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

Affiliation State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Baixiang Xiao

Roles Investigation

Affiliation State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Xiaoyi Wu

Roles Investigation

Affiliation State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Ming Ni

Roles Methodology

Affiliation The Fred Hollows Foundation China, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Hongmei Yi

Roles Methodology

Affiliation Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Yiwen Huang

Roles Methodology

Affiliation The Fred Hollows Foundation China, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Beatrice Varga

Roles Methodology

Affiliation The Fred Hollows Foundation Australia, Sydney, Australia

Hong Zhang

Roles Investigation

Affiliation The First People’s Hospital of Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan, China

Yongkang Cun

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Dehong Prefecture People’s Hospital, Yunnan, China

Xianshun Li

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Chuxiong Prefecture People's Hospital, Yunnan, China

Luhua Yang

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Jianchuan County People’s Hospital, Yunnan, China

Chaoguang Liang

Roles Investigation

Affiliation The First People's Hospital of Lancang County, Yunnan, China

Wan Huang

Roles Project administration

Affiliation The Fred Hollows Foundation China, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Scott Rozelle

Roles Resources

Affiliation Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Xiaochen Ma

Roles Project administration

mxc4068@gmail.com

Affiliation China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The free glasses used in this study were supplied by OneSight, Luxottica-China, and Essilor-China, producers of frames and lenses in China. The authors have no other financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.