About the Authors

Laura V. Cooper

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

lvc32@cam.ac.uk

‡ These authors are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Rahamatou Moustapha Boukary

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors are joint first authors on this work.

Affiliation Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger

Abraham Aseffa

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Wude Mihret

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Jean-Marc Collard

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger

Doumagoum Daugla

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre de Support en Santé International (CSSI), N'Djamena, Chad

Abraham Hodgson

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana

Cheikh Sokhna

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Babatunji Omotara

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

Samba Sow

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre pour les Vaccins en Développement, Bamako, Mali

Stephen Laryea Quaye

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana

Kanny Diallo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre pour les Vaccins en Développement, Bamako, Mali

Olivier Manigart

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Martin C. J. Maiden

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Helen Findlow

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Public Health England Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Manchester, United Kingdom

Ray Borrow

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Public Health England Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Manchester, United Kingdom

James M. Stuart

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Brian M. Greenwood

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Caroline L. Trotter

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

RB and HF report performing contract research on behalf of Public Health England for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Serum Institute of India, and GSK. CLT and OM report receiving a consulting payment from GSK. All other authors report no potential conflicts. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.