About the Authors

Nicholas S. Downing

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Alexander Cloninger

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Arjun K. Venkatesh

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Angela Hsieh

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: GenenTech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Elizabeth E. Drye

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of General Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Ronald R. Coifman

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Harlan M. Krumholz

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

harlan.krumholz@yale.edu

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Dr. Krumholz is a recipient of research agreements from Medtronic and from Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), through Yale University, to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing; is the recipient of a grant from the Food and Drug Administration and Medtronic to develop methods for post-market surveillance of medical devices; works under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures; chairs a cardiac scientific advisory board for UnitedHealth; is a member of the advisory board for Element Science, is a participant/participant representative of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; and is the founder of Hugo, a personal health information platform. Alexander Cloninger is supported by National Science Foundation Award DMS-1402254. The National Science Foundation had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Angela Hsieh was a full-time employee of the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation at Yale University when this work was conducted, and accepted a position at Genentech as the initial draft of this manuscript was being written. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors do not have disclosures to report.