About the Authors

Yu-wei Roy Chen

Affiliation Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Virginia Chen

Affiliations Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Institute for Heart Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Zsuzsanna Hollander

Affiliations Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Institute for Heart Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Jonathon A. Leipsic

Affiliation Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Cameron J. Hague

Affiliation Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Mari L. DeMarco

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

J. Mark FitzGerald

Affiliations Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, The Lung Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Bruce M. McManus

Affiliations Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Institute for Heart Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Raymond T. Ng

Affiliations PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Department of Computer Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Don D. Sin

Don.Sin@hli.ubc.ca

Affiliations Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Institute for Heart Lung Health, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Competing Interests

YRC, VC, ZH, CJH, BMM, JMF, and RTN have nothing to disclose. JAL reports personal fees from GE Healthcare, outside the submitted work. MLD reports grants from Genome Canada, Genome British Columbia, Genome Quebec, Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR), Networks of Centres of Excellence Centre of Excellence for Commercialization and Research, St. Paul's Hospital Foundation, and the Canadian Respiratory Research Network, which is funded by the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health Emerging Network of CIHR, the Canadian Lung Association, the Canadian Thoracic Society, and the Canadian Respiratory Health Professionals, during the conduct of the study. DS reports grants from Genome Canada, grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Novartis, grants from Merck, outside the submitted work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: YRC VC ZH DS. Data curation: YRC VC ZH DS. Formal analysis: YRC VC ZH. Funding acquisition: DS. Investigation: YRC VC ZH JAL CJH. Methodology: YRC VC ZH DS. Project administration: ZH. Resources: DS. Software: YRC VC ZH DS. Supervision: YRC ZH DS. Validation: YRC VC ZH DS. Visualization: YRC VC ZH. Writing – original draft: YRC. Writing – review & editing: VC ZH JAL CJH MLD JMF BMM RTN DS.