About the Authors

Tsuguhiko Kato

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

kato-tg@ncchd.go.jp

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

Takashi Yorifuji

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama, Japan

Michiyo Yamakawa

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Center for Regional Research, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

Sachiko Inoue

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Nursing, Okayama Prefectural University Graduate School of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama, Japan

Hiroyuki Doi

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

Akira Eboshida

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Ichiro Kawachi

Contributed equally to this work with: Tsuguhiko Kato, Takashi Yorifuji, Michiyo Yamakawa, Sachiko Inoue, Hiroyuki Doi, Akira Eboshida, Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: TK TY. Data curation: TK TY. Formal analysis: TK TY MY SI. Funding acquisition: TK. Methodology: TK TY MY SI. Project administration: TK. Software: TK TY MY SI. Supervision: TK IK. Validation: TK TY MY SI. Visualization: TK. Writing – original draft: TK. Writing – review & editing: TK IK HD AE.