About the Authors

Lorenzo Peppoloni

Affiliation PERCRO Laboratory, TeCIP Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, via Alamanni 13b, 56010 Ghezzano, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy

Emily L. Lawrence

Affiliation Brain-Body Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3710 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States of America

Emanuele Ruffaldi

Affiliation PERCRO Laboratory, TeCIP Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, via Alamanni 13b, 56010 Ghezzano, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy

Francisco J. Valero-Cuevas

valero@usc.edu

Affiliation Brain-Body Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 3710 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States of America

Competing Interests

FVC holds US Patent No. 6,537,075 on some of the technology used in this study that is commercialized by Neuromuscular Dynamics, LLC. LP, ELL, and ER have no financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence this work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: LP EL ER FVC. Data curation: LP EL FVC. Formal analysis: LP EL ER FVC. Funding acquisition: ER FVC. Investigation: LP EL. Methodology: LP EL FVC. Project administration: LP EL ER FVC. Resources: ER FVC. Software: LP EL. Supervision: ER FVC. Validation: LP EL ER FVC. Visualization: LP EL ER FVC. Writing – original draft: LP EL ER FVC. Writing – review & editing: LP EL ER FVC.