About the Authors

Zaki K. Hassan-Smith

Affiliations Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Carl Jenkinson

Affiliation Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

David J. Smith

Affiliations Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Ivan Hernandez

Affiliation Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Stuart A. Morgan

Affiliation Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Nicola J. Crabtree

Affiliation Department of Nuclear Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Neil J. Gittoes

Affiliations Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Brian G. Keevil

Affiliation Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Paul M. Stewart

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine and Health, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Martin Hewison

m.hewison@bham.ac.uk

Affiliations Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Birmingham Health Partners does not represent a formal legal entity, but is a strategic alliance between the University of Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham Children's Hospital and Birmingham Women's Hospital. It therefore does not create any competing interests or financial affiliations, and we confirm that none of the authors are employed by Birmingham Health Partners. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: ZKH-S CJ SAM PMS MH. Data curation: ZKH-S NJC NLG. Formal analysis: ZKH-S MH. Funding acquisition: PMS MH. Investigation: SAM IH NJC BGK. Methodology: ZKH-S CJ PMS MH. Project administration: ZKH-S PMS MH. Resources: BGK NLG. Software: ZKH-S DJS. Supervision: BGK PMS MH. Validation: ZKH-S CJ NJC MH. Writing – original draft: ZKH-S MH. Writing – review & editing: DJS NJG PMS.