About the Authors

Ushio Minami

Contributed equally to this work with: Ushio Minami, Yoshinori Fujiwara

minami@tmig.or.jp

Affiliation Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroyuki Suzuki

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Masataka Kuraoka

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Takashi Koike

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Erika Kobayashi

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Yoshinori Fujiwara

Contributed equally to this work with: Ushio Minami, Yoshinori Fujiwara

Affiliation Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: UM YF HS MK EK TK. Performed the experiments: HS MK UM FY. Analyzed the data: UM YF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HS YF. Wrote the paper: UM.