From Metaphors to Formalism: A Heuristic Approach to Holistic Assessments of Ecosystem Health

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

About the Authors

Heino O. Fock

* E-mail: Heino.fock@thuenen.de

Affiliation Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany

Gerd Kraus

Affiliation Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany

The authors have declared no competing interests exist.

Wrote the paper: HOF GK. Developed the concept: HOF.

Ecosystems
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Ecosystem functioning
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Marine ecosystems
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Ecosystem modeling
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Conservation science
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Health care policy
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Ecological risk
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Decision making
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