About the Authors

David N. Franz

David.Franz@cchmc.org

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

Elena Belousova

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Research and Clinical Institute of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

Steven Sparagana

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas, United States of America

E. Martina Bebin

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Michael D. Frost

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Minnesota Epilepsy Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Rachel Kuperman

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California, United States of America

Olaf Witt

Affiliation Department of Oncology, University of Heidelberg Medical Center and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

Michael H. Kohrman

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

J. Robert Flamini

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Joyce Y. Wu

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Mattel Children’s Hospital at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Paolo Curatolo

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Petrus J. de Vries

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Noah Berkowitz

Affiliation Department of Oncology, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, United States of America

Julie Niolat

Affiliation Department of Oncology, Novartis Pharmaceuticals S.A.S., Rueil-Malmaison, France

Sergiusz Jóźwiak

Affiliation Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Competing Interests

Dr. Franz received support from Novartis for other research at his institution, was consultant to Novartis (payments to employer CCHMC), received honoraria from Novartis and Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals, has been reimbursed by Novartis and Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals for travel costs for lectures, and performed legal work in reviewing medical malpractice cases, occasionally in giving expert testimony for various attorneys. Dr. Belousova received honoraria as speaker from Novartis and served as principal investigator on 2 research studies funded by Novartis Oncology. Dr. Sparagana received honoraria as a speaker for Novartis, served as site principal investigator on this and another research study funded by Novartis Oncology, serves on professional advisory board of Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance (TSA), and has received travel funds from the TSA related to role on the TSC Natural History Database Steering Committee. Drs. Bebin, Kuperman, Witt, and Flamini served as principal investigators on a research study funded by Novartis Oncology. Dr. Frost served as a consultant and participated in Advisory Boards for Novartis. Dr. Wu serves on the professional advisory board for the Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance, received honoraria from, serves on the scientific advisory board and the speakers’ bureau for Novartis and Lundbeck, and received research support from the Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance, Novartis, Today’s and Tomorrow’s Children Fund, Department of Defense/Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, and the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Curatolo received honoraria for serving on advisory boards and providing lectures on behalf of Novartis Oncology. Dr. de Vries served as a consultant and participated in Advisory Boards for Novartis and received travel honoraria from Novartis (donated to charity). Dr. Berkowitz and Ms. Niolat are employees of Novartis. Dr. Jóźwiak received honoraria for serving on advisory boards and providing lectures on behalf of Novartis Oncology. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DNF PJD SJ. Performed the experiments: DNF EB SS EMB MDF RK OW MHK JRF JYW PC PJD SJ. Analyzed the data: DNF EB SS EMB MDF RK OW MHK JRF JYW PC PJD NB JN SJ. Wrote the paper: DNF SS PC PJD SJ. Critically revised the manuscript: DNF EB SS EMB MDF RK OW MHK JRF JYW PC PJD NB JN SJ. Performed statistical analysis: JN.