About the Authors

Weam Siheri

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Tong Zhang

Affiliations University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom

Godwin Unekwuojo Ebiloma

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom

Marco Biddau

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom

Nicola Woods

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Muattaz Yassein Hussain

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Carol J. Clements

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

James Fearnley

Affiliation BeeVital, Whitby, North Yorkshire, YO22 5JR, United Kingdom

RuAngelie Edrada Ebel

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Timothy Paget

Affiliation Dept. of Pharmacy, Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom

Sylke Muller

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom

Katharine C. Carter

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Valerie A. Ferro

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Harry P. De Koning

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom

David G. Watson

d.g.watson@strath.ac.uk

Affiliation University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

JF is affiliated with BeeVital. This commercial affiliation does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TZ DGW WS REE. Performed the experiments: TZ WS MB MYH TP CJC NW GUE. Analyzed the data: DGW TZ REE WS MB MYH CJC NW GUE TP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HPD VF KCC JF SM CJC TP. Wrote the paper: DGW VF MB SM HPD KCC JF. Collected propolis samples: WS.