About the Authors

Rachel D. Savage

Affiliations Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Robert A. Fowler

Affiliations Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Asgar H. Rishu

Affiliation Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sean M. Bagshaw

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Deborah Cook

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Peter Dodek

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Center for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Richard Hall

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Anand Kumar

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

François Lamontagne

Affiliations Centre de recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, Département de médecine, Service de médecine interne, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

François Lauzier

Affiliations Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, Département de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, Département d’anesthésiologie et de soins intensifs, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

John Marshall

Affiliations St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Departments of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Claudio M. Martin

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, Critical Care, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada

Lauralyn McIntyre

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

John Muscedere

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Steven Reynolds

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Henry T. Stelfox

Affiliation Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Nick Daneman

Nick.Daneman@sunnybrook.ca

Affiliations Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RAF ND. Performed the experiments: RAF AHR SMB DC PD RH AK F. Lamontagne F. Lauzier J. Marshall CMM LM J. Muscedere SR HTS ND. Analyzed the data: RDS ND. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RAF SMB DC PD RH AK F. Lamontagne F. Lauzier J. Marshall CMM LM J. Muscedere SR HTS ND. Wrote the paper: RDS RAF AHR SMB DC PD RH AK F. Lamontagne F. Lauzier J. Marshall CMM LM J. Muscedere SR HTS ND.