About the Authors

Yuan Xiao

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America

Yi Lu

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America

Michael Hsieh

Affiliation Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America

Joseph Liao

Affiliations Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America

Pak Kin Wong

pak@engr.psu.edu

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YX PW. Performed the experiments: YX YL. Analyzed the data: YX MH JL PW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MH JL PW. Wrote the paper: YX PW.