About the Authors

Gordon Pennycook

gpennyco@uwaterloo.ca

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada

Robert M. Ross

Affiliations Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Derek J. Koehler

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada

Jonathan A. Fugelsang

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GP. Performed the experiments: GP. Analyzed the data: GP RR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GP DK JF. Wrote the paper: GP RR DK JF. Performed meta-analysis: RR.