About the Authors

Stefanie M. Hixson

shixson@ryerson.ca

Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kruti Shukla

Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Lesley G. Campbell

Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Rebecca H. Hallett

Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Sandy M. Smith

Affiliation Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Laurence Packer

Affiliation Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Michael T. Arts

Affiliation Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SMH MTA LGC RHH SMS LP. Performed the experiments: SMH KS. Analyzed the data: SMH KS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MTA LGC. Wrote the paper: SMH KS MTA.