About the Authors

Lili Sun

Affiliation Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01–224, Warsaw, Poland

Marcin Tabaka

Affiliation Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01–224, Warsaw, Poland

Sen Hou

Affiliation Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01–224, Warsaw, Poland

Lin Li

Affiliation Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, United States of America

Krzysztof Burdzy

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195–4350, United States of America

Aleksei Aksimentiev

Affiliation Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America

Christopher Maffeo

Affiliation Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America

Xuzhu Zhang

Affiliation Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01–224, Warsaw, Poland

Robert Holyst

rholyst@ichf.edu.pl

Affiliation Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01–224, Warsaw, Poland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RH LS MT. Performed the experiments: LS CM. Analyzed the data: LS SH MT AA RH XZ LL KB. Wrote the paper: LS SH RH. Supervised MD simulations: AA.