About the Authors

Stephanie M. Carpenter

smcarpen@umich.edu (SMC); jfyates@umich.edu (JFY)

Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Marketing, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

J. Frank Yates

smcarpen@umich.edu (SMC); jfyates@umich.edu (JFY)

Affiliations Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Marketing, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Stephanie D. Preston

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Lydia Chen

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SMC JFY. Performed the experiments: SMC. Analyzed the data: SMC JFY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SMC JFY SDP LC. Wrote the paper: SMC JFY SDP.