About the Authors
- Matthew R. Holdgate
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* E-mail: mholdgate@gmail.com
Affiliations Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Conservation Research Division, Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Cheryl L. Meehan
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Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Jennifer N. Hogan
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Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Lance J. Miller
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Affiliation Chicago Zoological Society—Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois, United States of America
- Joseph Soltis
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Affiliation Department of Education & Science, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America
- Jeff Andrews
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Affiliation Zoological Operations, Busch Gardens, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- David J. Shepherdson
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Affiliations Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Conservation Research Division, Oregon Zoo, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
Competing Interests
JS is affiliated with Disney’s Animal Kingdom (an AZA-accredited zoo), LM is affiliated with the Chicago Zoological Society – Brookfield Zoo (an AZA-accredited zoo), DS is affiliated with Oregon Zoo (an AZA-Accredited zoo) and JA is affiliated with Busch Gardens (an AZA-accredited zoo). MH was employed by Oregon Zoo (an AZA-accredited zoo) at the time of the study. CM and JH are employed by AWARE Institute. AWARE Institute is a commercial entity founded by CM in 2014 and provides animal welfare assessment, research and education services to zoos and aquariums. These interests do not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MRH CLM JNH LJM JS JA DJS. Performed the experiments: MRH. Analyzed the data: MRH CLM JNH DJS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LJM JS JA DJS. Wrote the paper: MRH CLM JNH LJM JS JA DJS.