About the Authors

Teing Yee Yang

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Ali Dehghantanha

Affiliation The School of Computing, Science & Engineering, Newton Building, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom

Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

raymond.choo@fulbrightmail.org

Affiliation Information Assurance Research Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Zaiton Muda

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TYY AD KKRC. Performed the experiments: TYY. Analyzed the data: TYY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TYY AD KKRC. Wrote the paper: TYY AD KKRC ZM.