About the Authors

Harvey Max Chochinov

hchochinov@cancercare.mb.ca

‡ This author is the senior author on this work.

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Wendy Johnston

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Susan E. McClement

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Thomas F. Hack

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Brenden Dufault

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation George and Fay Yee Center for Healthcare Innovation, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Murray Enns

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Genevieve Thompson

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Mike Harlos

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Palliative Care Program, Winnipeg, Canada

Ronald W. Damant

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Clare D. Ramsey

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Sara Davison

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

James Zacharias

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Section of Nephrology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Doris Milke

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations CapitalCare, Edmonton, Canada, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

David Strang

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Geriatric Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Geriatrics Program, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, Canada

Heather J. Campbell-Enns

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Interdisciplinary Cancer Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Maia S. Kredentser

Contributed equally to this work with: Wendy Johnston, Susan E. McClement, Thomas F. Hack, Brenden Dufault, Murray Enns, Genevieve Thompson, Mike Harlos, Ronald W. Damant, Clare D. Ramsey, Sara Davison, James Zacharias, Doris Milke, David Strang, Heather J. Campbell-Enns, Maia S. Kredentser

Affiliations Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HMC WJ SEM TFH BD ME GT MH RWD CR SD JZ DM DS HCE MSK. Performed the experiments: HMC WJ SEM TFH ME GT MH RWD CR SD JZ DM DS. Analyzed the data: HMC WJ SEM TFH BD ME GT MH RWD CR SD JZ DM DS HCE MSK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HMC WJ SEM TFH BD ME GT MH RWD CR SD JZ DM DS HCE MSK. Wrote the paper: HMC WJ SEM TFH BD ME GT MH RWD CR SD JZ DM DS HCE MSK.