About the Authors

Tuck Seng Cheng

Contributed equally to this work with: Tuck Seng Cheng, See Ling Loy

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

See Ling Loy

Contributed equally to this work with: Tuck Seng Cheng, See Ling Loy

Affiliation KK Research Centre, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

Yin Bun Cheung

Affiliations Center for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Department of International Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland

Jerry Kok Yen Chan

Affiliations KK Research Centre, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

Mya Thway Tint

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore

Keith M. Godfrey

Affiliations MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

Peter D. Gluckman

Affiliations Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore

Kenneth Kwek

Affiliation Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

Seang Mei Saw

Affiliation Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Yap-Seng Chong

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore

Yung Seng Lee

Affiliations Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore

Fabian Yap

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Ngee Lek

lek.ngee@singhealth.com.sg

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study group

Membership of the GUSTO study group is provided in the Acknowledgements.

Competing Interests

PDG, KMG, YSL and YSC report receiving reimbursement for speaking at conferences sponsored by companies selling nutritional products. PDG, KMG and YSC report being part of an academic consortium that has received research funding from Abbott Nutrition, Nestle and Danone. No other disclosures were reported. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KMG PDG KK SMS YSC NL. Performed the experiments: MTT. Analyzed the data: TSC SLL YBC JKYC FY NL YSL. Wrote the paper: TSC SLL NL. Advised on the statistical analysis: YBC.