About the Authors

Qiang Huang

qiang-huang@live.com (QH); Jay.Evans@ars.usda.gov (JDE)

Affiliations State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China, USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America

Yan Ping Chen

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America

Rui Wu Wang

qiang-huang@live.com (QH); Jay.Evans@ars.usda.gov (JDE)

Affiliations State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China, Center for Ecological and Environmental Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China

Shang Cheng

Affiliation Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China

Jay D. Evans

qiang-huang@live.com (QH); Jay.Evans@ars.usda.gov (JDE)

Affiliation USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: QH JDE. Performed the experiments: QH. Analyzed the data: QH JDE. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YPC RWW SC. Wrote the paper: QH JDE. Provided important intellectual suggestion for the experimental design and data analysis: YPC RWW SC.