About the Authors

Jeffery S. Pettis

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Nathan Rice

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Katie Joselow

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Dennis vanEngelsdorp

Affiliation Entomology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Veeranan Chaimanee

chveeranan@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Biotechnology, Maejo University Phrae Campus, Rong Kwang, Phrae, Thailand

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JSP NR DVE VC. Performed the experiments: JSP NR KJ VC. Analyzed the data: JSP NR VC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JSP NR KJ VC. Wrote the paper: JSP DVE VC.