About the Authors

Soumaya Khalfaoui

Contributed equally to this work with: Soumaya Khalfaoui, Vivien Eichhorn

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Institute for Pathology, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Vivien Eichhorn

Contributed equally to this work with: Soumaya Khalfaoui, Vivien Eichhorn

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Institute for Pathology, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Christian Karagiannidis

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Inga Bayh

Affiliation Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany

Michael Brockmann

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Institute for Pathology, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Monika Pieper

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Institute for Pathology, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Wolfram Windisch

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Oliver Schildgen

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Institute for Pathology, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Verena Schildgen

schildgenv@kliniken-koeln.de; verena.schildgen@uni-wh.de

Affiliation Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University Hospital Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, Institute for Pathology, D-51109 Cologne, Germany

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following competing interests: OS is Academic Editor of PLOS ONE. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: VS OS. Performed the experiments: SK VE MP. Analyzed the data: MB OS VS IB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WW CK. Wrote the paper: VS OS. Performed experimental procedures: SK VE MP OS VS. Performed clinical procedures and collected routine microbiological data: CK WW. Analysed the BALs and performed all pathological analyses: MB. Wrote the manuscript: OS VS. Designed and supervised the study: VS.