About the Authors

Benedict D. Michael

benmic@liv.ac.uk

Affiliations The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Michael J. Griffiths

Affiliations The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Julia Granerod

Affiliation Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

David Brown

Affiliations Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Influenza and measles laboratory, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Nicholas W. S. Davies

Affiliation Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

Ray Borrow

Affiliation Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester, United Kingdom

Tom Solomon

Affiliations The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom, The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BDM MJG JG DB RB TS. Performed the experiments: BDM RB. Analyzed the data: BDM MJG JG DB RB TS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BDM MJG JG DB RB TS. Wrote the paper: BDM MJG JG DB RB NWSD TS.