About the Authors

Nancy S. Matowo

nstephen@ihi.or.tz

Affiliations Environmental and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Lizette L. Koekemoer

Affiliations Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa

Sarah J. Moore

Affiliations Environmental and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Arnold S. Mmbando

Affiliation Environmental and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Salum A. Mapua

Affiliation Environmental and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Maureen Coetzee

Affiliations Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa

Fredros O. Okumu

Affiliations Environmental and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NSM FOO LLK SAM ASM SJM MC. Performed the experiments: NSM SAM ASM FOO. Analyzed the data: NSM SJM ASM FOO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NSM SAM LLK ASM SJM MC FOO. Wrote the paper: NSM SAM LLK ASM SJM MC FOO. Provided training to NSM on models used in statistics analysis: SJM FOO. Provided training to NSM on literature reading, reference citations and manuscripts writing: LLK MC FOO.