About the Authors

Mahesh Nagappa

Contributed equally to this work with: Mahesh Nagappa, Pu Liao, Jean Wong, Frances Chung

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Pu Liao

Contributed equally to this work with: Mahesh Nagappa, Pu Liao, Jean Wong, Frances Chung

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jean Wong

Contributed equally to this work with: Mahesh Nagappa, Pu Liao, Jean Wong, Frances Chung

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Dennis Auckley

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Metro Health Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America

Satya Krishna Ramachandran

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health System, East Medical Center Drive, Michigan, United States of America

Stavros Memtsoudis

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, United States of America

Babak Mokhlesi

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Sleep Disorders Center and the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Frances Chung

Contributed equally to this work with: Mahesh Nagappa, Pu Liao, Jean Wong, Frances Chung

frances.chung@uhn.ca

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MN PL FC. Performed the experiments: MN PL FC. Analyzed the data: MN PL FC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MN PL JW DA SR SM BM FC. Wrote the paper: MN PL JW DA SR SM BM FC.