About the Authors

Prisila Mkenda

Current address: Biological Sciences Department, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Affiliation Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

Regina Mwanauta

Affiliation Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

Philip C. Stevenson

Affiliations Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom

Patrick Ndakidemi

Affiliation Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

Kelvin Mtei

Affiliation Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

Steven R. Belmain

s.r.belmain@gre.ac.uk

Affiliation Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SRB PCS PN. Performed the experiments: PM RM PN PCS. Analyzed the data: PM RM SRB PCS. Wrote the paper: SRB PCS PM RM PN KM.