About the Authors

Bo Xiao

Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America

Zac E. Imel

zac.imel@utah.edu

Affiliation Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States of America

Panayiotis G. Georgiou

Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America

David C. Atkins

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America

Shrikanth S. Narayanan

Affiliation Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ZEI DCA PGG SSN BX. Performed the experiments: BX. Analyzed the data: PGG SSN BX. Wrote the paper: ZEI DCA PGG SSN BX.