About the Authors

Perminder S. Sachdev

p.sachdev@unsw.edu.au

Affiliations Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Darren M. Lipnicki

Affiliation Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Nicole A. Kochan

Affiliation Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

John D. Crawford

Affiliation Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Anbupalam Thalamuthu

Affiliation Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Gavin Andrews

Affiliation Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Carol Brayne

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Fiona E. Matthews

Affiliations MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Blossom C. M. Stephan

Affiliation Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Richard B. Lipton

Affiliations Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York, United States of America

Mindy J. Katz

Affiliation Saul B. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York City, New York, United States of America

Karen Ritchie

Affiliations Inserm, U1061 Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Isabelle Carrière

Affiliations Inserm, U1061 Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France

Marie-Laure Ancelin

Affiliations Inserm, U1061 Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France

Linda C. W. Lam

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Candy H. Y. Wong

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Tai Po Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Ada W. T. Fung

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Antonio Guaita

Affiliation GolgiCenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso (Milan), Italy

Roberta Vaccaro

Affiliation GolgiCenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso (Milan), Italy

Annalisa Davin

Affiliation GolgiCenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso (Milan), Italy

Mary Ganguli

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Hiroko Dodge

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Tiffany Hughes

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Kaarin J. Anstey

Affiliation Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Nicolas Cherbuin

Affiliation Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Peter Butterworth

Affiliation Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Tze Pin Ng

Affiliation Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Qi Gao

Affiliation Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Simone Reppermund

Affiliation Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Henry Brodaty

Affiliations Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Nicole Schupf

Affiliations The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America, The Division of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America

Jennifer Manly

Affiliations The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America, The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America

Yaakov Stern

Affiliations The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America, The Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America

Antonio Lobo

Affiliations Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

Raúl Lopez-Anton

Affiliations Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain

Javier Santabárbara

Affiliations Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain, Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC)

Membership of the Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC) is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Each of Novartis and Eisai provided funding to one of eleven studies that subsequently contributed their data to the present study. Neither Novartis or Eisai funded this specific study. RBL declares grants and personal fees from Boston Scientific, Allergan and Novartis, personal fees from BMS, Labrys Technologies, Electrocore and Alder Biopharmaceuticals, and grants, personal fees and stock options from eNeura. HB declares being an investigator for and on the advisory board of Janssen, an investigator for Lilly, Medivation, Merck, Sanofi, Servier and Tau Therapeutics, an advisory board member of Pfizer, Novartis, and Lundbeck, a consultant for Baxter, Lilly and Merck, and a consultant for and advisory board member of Nutricia. AL declares being a consultant for Janssen and honoraria or travel fees from Eli Lilly and Bial. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Author Contributions

Wrote the paper: PSS DML. Conceptualized, initiated, obtained funding for and is the head of the COSMIC consortium, and planned the study: PSS. Managed the collection of data: DML. Harmonized the data: DML JDC NAK PSS. Analyzed the harmonized data: DML JDC PSS. Performed the multiple imputations: AT. Analyzed and provided results from CFAS: BCMS FEM. Analyzed and provided results from Invece.Ab: AG. Contributed to revising the manuscript for important intellectual content: PSS DML NAK JDC AT GA CB FEM BCMS RBL MJK KR IC MLA LCWL CHYW AWTF AG RV AD MG HD TH KJA NC PB TPN QG SR HB NS JM YS AL RLA JS. Approved the final version of the manuscript for submission: PSS DML NAK JDC AT GA CB FEM BCMS RBL MJK KR IC MLA LCWL CHYW AWTF AG RV AD MG HD TH KJA NC PB TPN QG SR HB NS JM YS AL RLA JS.