About the Authors

Guomiao Shen

Affiliations Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System – Manhattan Campus, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Chitra Upadhyay

Current address: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliations Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System – Manhattan Campus, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Jing Zhang

Current address: Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China

Affiliations Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System – Manhattan Campus, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Ruimin Pan

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Susan Zolla-Pazner

Current address: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliations Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System – Manhattan Campus, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Xiang-Peng Kong

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Catarina E. Hioe

catarina.hioe@mssm.edu

Current address: James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliations Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System – Manhattan Campus, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GS CU XPK CEH. Performed the experiments: GS CU JZ. Analyzed the data: GS CU JZ RP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SZP XPK. Wrote the paper: GS CU XPK CEH.