About the Authors

Victoria N. Stone

Affiliations Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Hardik I. Parikh

Affiliation Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Fadi El-rami

Affiliations Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Xiuchun Ge

Affiliation Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Weihau Chen

Affiliation Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Yan Zhang

Affiliation Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Glen E. Kellogg

Affiliations Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Ping Xu

pxu@vcu.edu

Affiliations Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PX VS XG. Performed the experiments: VS HP FE XG WC PX. Analyzed the data: VS YZ GK PX. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PX. Wrote the paper: VS PX.