About the Authors

Yu Liu

Affiliations Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Du-Gang Xi

Affiliations The PLA Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China, Naval Institute of Hydrographic Surveying and Charting, Tianjin, China

Zhao-Liang Li

lizhaoliang@caas.cn

Affiliations Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, ICube, UdS, CNRS, 300 boulevard Sebastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412, Illkirch, France

Wei Ji

Affiliation Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YL DGX ZLL. Performed the experiments: YL DGX ZLL WJ. Analyzed the data: YL WJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL DGX ZLL. Wrote the paper: YL DGX. Designed the software used in analysis: YL.